Teaching Aids and Mathematics Laboratory

 

Teaching Aids and Mathematics Laboratory 

Advantages of AV Aids

•         Create Interest

•         Mere lectures are too much of verbalism

•         Give reality to the learning situation.

•         Give vividness to the learning situation

•         Give clarity to the learning situation

•         Motivate the child and arouse his feelings of curiosity.

•         Save time and labour

•         Break monotony

•         Make the abstract ideas concrete and make learning more effective.

•         Provide variety in the classroom situations.

•         Meet Individual Differences Requirement.

•         Good substitute for direct experiences.

Characteristics of Good Instructional Aids

•         Large enough to be seen by the students for whom they are used.

•         Meaningful and they always stand to serve a useful purpose.

•         Up to the mark and up-to-date in every respect.

•         Simple, cheap and may be easily provided.

•         Not very costly.

•         Handy and easily portable.

•         Accurate.

•         Realistic.

•         According to the mental level of the learners.

•         Informative but not just entertaining.

•         Motivate the learners.

•         Capture the attention of the students.

•         Help in the realization of stipulated learning objectives.

•         Useful for supplementing the teaching process but they cannot replace the teacher.

Limitations of AV Aids

•         Cannot be used in abstract and refined subjects.

•         Cannot replace the instructor.

Precautions for Using Instructional Aids

•         Students should be fully acquainted with the aids.

•         The aids should be fully checked up before using them in the class.

•         Should be well planned.

•         Should serve vital purpose in learning.

•         Instructor should make their use judiciously.

•         Visible to the whole class.

•         Use of writing board is good for teaching.

•         An aid should not be used just for the sake of aid.

•         should be used at the right time making it meaningful for the subject and the topic.

•         In a lesson, too many aids should not be used.

•         While using some special type of aids like radio, television, the students should be mentally prepared for it.

•         should be in proper condition, worthy of showing in the classroom situation.

•         While giving instructions and showing some aid, the teacher should not stand in front of it.

•         Aids should not be allowed to become masters in the teaching-learning process.

•         The use of different types of aids in teaching may be obligatory for sometime but ultimate goal of the teacher should be to teach well without the use of any aid

Common AV Aids used

1. Writing board.
2. Charts/flip charts.
3. Models.
4. Multimedia.
5. Overhead projector.
6. Real objects.
7. Text Books.

 

Writing Board

•         Different types of writing boards. For Example.

•         Chalkboard.

•         Magnetic board.

•         White or colored board.

•         Flannel board.

•         Felt board.

•         Bulletin board.

Guidelines for using writing Board

•         Use colored chalk or markers.

•         Start every class with a clean board.

•         Write neatly, clearly, and orderly.

•         Use the board to record students’ contributions

•         write instructions on the board in spite of giving them orally.

•         Keep personal supply of chalks and markers.

•         Don’t block view of the board writing.

•         Don’t write with your back to the audience.

•         Plan, practice, and execute your board writing.

Guidelines for using Charts

•         Most of the charts used in the classroom should be the work of the students.

•         Charts should be planned well in advance.

•         Make the charts simple.

•         One major point is sufficient for a chart.

•         Make them eye-catching.

•         Use colors and pictures.

•         Make them forceful. Emphasize the central idea.

•         Charts should be visible. Letters and symbols should be large enough.

•         Keep everything in proportion.

•         Avoid too much writing and printing on the charts.

•         Advantages

•         Saves time of the instructor.

•         Makes learning easier and effective.

•         Can be used repeatedly and stored for a long time.

Overhead projector

•         Different types of OHP.

•         Write on transparency as on a writing board.

•         Emphasize specific points in a lesson.

•         Present pictures,drawings,diagrams and maps.

•         Project an outline form.

•         Cover the points which are not under discussion.

•         Transparencies should be accurate and worth showing.

•         Don’t try to move the OHP while it is on.

Flips Charts

•         When designing flip chart pages for use in your sessions, ask yourself the following questions.

•         Are they clear?

•         Are they concise and well written?

•         Are they simple?

•         Are the graphic (right colours and clip art used)?

•         Do they add value?

•         Are they necessary (can points be made in other ways)?

General Tips for Use

•         Flipcharts are inexpensive, yet effective training aids for small groups up to twenty five participants (depending on room configuration).

•         They provide an easy way to capture key thoughts or to highlight information in small group settings. Some tips for using flipcharts are:

•         Place the easel so that ceiling lighting shines onto the front of the page.

•         Don’t write on the flipchart and talk at the same time. Write first; then face participants and talk.

•         Stand to the right side of the easel as you face your audience if you’re right-handed;

•         Stand to the left side, if left-handed. This allows you to face your participants and easily turn to capture key discussion points on paper with your writing hand while turning pages with your free hand.

•         Don’t block your participants’ view when pointing to pre-printed information on the flipchart.

•         Leave a sheet of blank paper between each sheet of text to prevent participants from “previewing” the next page as you discuss the current one.

•         If appropriate, tear off sheets and tape them to walls for future referral.

•         Always have extra markers and pads of paper available.

Teaching Aids

Teaching aids are classified into four major categories which are usually made on the bases of the senses simulated (pretend, make up ) in the learner.

1.    Audio or sound aids

2.    Visual aids

3.    Tangible aids

4.    Audio, Visual and Tangible combination

A fifth category is sometimes added, i.e., the interaction of the student with student and student and students with teacher.

 

1. Audio or Sound Aids

Ø  Sound technology has some importance

Ø  Improved from the days of Edison (invented disk player)

Ø  Role of transistor in communication made inexpensive (cheap) the whole world

Ø  Transistor can expose the whole world

Ø  It has capacity to package (put together) and wisdom (good judgment) to distribute

Ø  Classified into remote and local access

 

Audio or Sound Aids

      A. Remote Access

            (i). Radio

            (ii). Telephone

            (iii). Dial Access Tapes

      B. Local Access

            (i). Tapes Players

            (ii). Disk Players-phonographs

 

A. Remote Access

a.    It is a sound delivery system

b.    Primarily controlled by the source of origin rather than the recipient as over radio

c.    Some control is exercised by the student over   telephone and dial access material

d.    Generally less expensive

e.    Instructional material generally maintained in a central           storage centre

(i).  Radio

a.    Use of radio begun for instruction in 1920

b.    Used to impart knowledge in remote areas

c.    Used extensively (widely ) in Sweden, Republic of Korea, Japan, United   Kingdom,       Australia etc

d.    Radio school of Air in New South Wales, Australia maintains contacts among the       students who are too widely scattered physically meet together for any       instructional       programme

e.   Student use transceiver for direct communication with teacher

f.     Students use it as for their identification

g.    United States still using FM & AM stations to broadcast lectures and full credit being       awarded to students who pass appropriate tests

     (ii). Telephone

a.    Can be used by one instructor on telephone

b.    Suitable for that area where large No of students attend

c.    Often presentations are accompanied by the use of slides, movies or other appropriate material

     (iii). Dial Access Tapes

a.    Primary advantage is to store the instructional material           in a central facility

b.    Some dial access tapes permit control by the student

c.    Dial access system is much like local access player    arrangement

B. Local Access

(i). Tape Players

a.    Used in different educational activities

b.    Less costly to purchase for teaching or learning

c.    Control of the pace of instruction by the student

d.    Convenient and almost foolproof (perfect) operation

e.    Re-usability of audio tape for new programme

f.     Simple recording procedure which do not require special technician

g.    General trend to common usage of standard material

h.    Provides equal opportunity in education to solve their problems

(ii). Disk Players Phonographs

a.    Instrument for recording sound

b.    Invented by Edison in 1877

c.    Limited utilized in classroom instruction due to the lack of its play back or repeat features

d.    Likely replaced with audio tape player for most instructional programme requiring a sound component 

 

2. Visual Aids

     A. Printed Material

      a. Books

      b. Manuals, Study Guides

      c. Journal Articles, Pamphlets

      d. Magazines, Newspapers

      B. Flat Prints- Graphics

      a. Photographs

      b. Charts, Diagrams

      c. Murals (wall painting)

      d. Maps, Posters

     C. Projected Images

      a. Slides, Filmstrips

      b. Silent Movies

      c. Overhead Projector

Visual Aids

1. Printed Material

          i.    Text Books, Manuals, Study Guides, Journal Articles, Pamphlets, Magazines, Newspapers, make an important contribution in learning process

        ii.    As for storage computers, microfiche (printed piece of film), microfilm, and several electronic devices are used but printed material has its own importance

 

     B. Flat Print and Graphics

          i.    Photographs, Charts, Diagrams, Murals, Maps,   Posters,

        ii.    Used in a different instructional pattern

       iii.    Used as an conjunction with another medium  such as printed pamphlets, a taped presentation or a lecture

       iv.    Old technology but still has its worth in communication

     C. Projected Images

          i.    As photograph change the whole world while providing information about any place and things Photography was greatly improved by Eastman in 1889 with development of flexible film

        ii.    First projection device given by Edison which gave rise to movie and slides projection

       iii.    Production and projection of slides, filmstrips and movies made photography a practical educational tool

       iv.    Projection devices further improved by automatic loading features

        v.    Proved an easy work even for untrained teacher

       vi.    Both cameras and projection devices used cartridge loaded film which reduce the wear and tear on the film

      vii.    Then consideration of overhead projector is highlighted

    viii.    It was used as a blackboard in different lectures

       ix.    It has an advantage to make good diagrams, figure, images and gave full preparation for the lecture instead of hastily produced lesson

3. Tangible (touchable, concrete) Items

 

A. Real things

      Specimen (living or preserved), Skeleton, Objects, Equipment, Collections and material for experimentation

B. Models, Mockups, Reconstructions, Miniatures (very small model or copy of something), and Cutaways (black & grey jacket for men)

C. Museums, Field Laboratories, and Simulation (reproduction) Devices

 

Explanation (Tangible Items)

A. Real Things

Ø  It is done when teaching is divided into two parts i.e., Theory and Practical

Ø  Similarly contents divided into lecture content and Laboratory content

Ø  Useful in learning process

Ø  Give logical concepts to the students

B. Us of Models, Mock-ups, Reconstructions, Miniatures, and cutaways has common practice in Laboratories for many years

Ø  Use to emphasize specific features of real things and to communicate concepts also used with other media or printed materials      

C. Museums, Field Laboratories, and Simulation Devices

Ø  Used in specialized courses

Ø  These are necessary component to the development of sound instructional programme

Ø  Their use is dependent on the judgment of the instructor

 

4. Audio, Visual and Tangible Combinations

    A. Intrinsically (fundamentally) associated audio/visual

      i. Movies

      ii. Television

      iii. Computer

    B. Individually Operative

      i.    Synchronized (matched) tapes/disks and projection devices (2x2 in-slides,            filmstrips)

      ii.   Tapes/disks coordinated with printed materials, graphics etc

      iii. Tapes/disks coordinated with tangible items (models, specimens etc)

      iv. Tapes/disks coordinated with projections, printed          materials, and tangible items         (audio-tutorial programme)

      v. Telephone/radio coordinated with projection, printed materials and tangible items              (tele - lecture)

Explanation

Ø  Instructional programme use different media at a time

Ø  Many devices have limited utility because of the unique structural features

Ø  Most teachers are perplexed about the use of these devices, limited software, high cost of production

Ø  Movies and television are alike with little difference i.e., cost of production of software, cost of hardware, flexibility of projection components

Ø  In coming decade TV will become good recourses of communicating ideas

Ø  As audiocassettes replaced with video cassettes as there is no such difference between their tapes

Ø  Four systems have developed for cassettes as Video recording-magnetic tape system-plastics disks-holographic tapes

Ø  Individually operated media are generally important for the self-instructional programme

Ø  The basic function is based on tape recorder or phonographic disks which is operated mechanically or electronically by the slide projector , filmstrips projector or movie device and can be manually operated by the students

Ø  The telephone used with projectors, printed materials and tangible items for conversation is called tele-lecture

 

Computer as a Teaching Aid

 

Computer is a tool which can be studied at different levels and from different points of view. But important is,

Ø  What it can do?

Ø  What is needed to know?

So, one can use it effectively.

Szymanski R.H (1988), said, Computer is “machine that can solve problems by accepting data, performing certain operations on the data, and presenting the results of those operations”.

 

1. Computer when used as tool has diversified range. This may include,
2. Computer as calculator
3. Statistical calculations
4. Numerical methods
5. Spreadsheets
6. Symbolic mathematics
7. Computer as a word processor
8. Computer as a laboratory assistant
9. Computer as controller
10. Computer as data recorder
11. Computer as data recorder
12. Computer as expert
13. Information handling
14. Expert system
15. Computer as artists

 

Importance

1. Computer is an interactive medium
2. It can reduce learning time and increase retention
3. It makes learning flexible and suitable to learners
4. It can present drill, practice, tutorial, problem solving and simulation
5. It provides immediate feedback/results.
6. It can be interfaced with video tape, audio tape players, and video disks.
7. It can be used to communicate over a telephone or digital line (computer networks)

 

Limitations

1. It has high cost of purchase, however it is decreasing.
2. It requires suitability of software to the requirement.
3. There is no availability of operational requirements in distance education institutions.
4. There is inadequacy of teacher training.
5. No availability of reliable, cost effective and quality telephone infrastructure.

 

 

For more notes CLICK HERE

CLICK HERE for more about Shaheen Forces Academy

CLICK HERE to learn How to live in a Right Way?

CLICK HERE to learn about Research Work

 CLICK HERE about the notes of Measurement & Evaluation

CLICK HERE to write best Lesson Plans

CLICK HERE to learn about Educational Psychology

CLICK HERE to learn about Teaching of Mathematics (Method)

Subscribe our YouTube channel to join Pak Army, Navy & PAF

Visit our Website HERE

Install our mobile application for notes & mcqs HERE

Like & Share